Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a type of cancer that
forms in tissues of the breast.
Breast cancer occurs in both men and 
women, although male breast cancer 
is rare. 

There are different types of breast cancers.

• The most common type of breast cancer is ductal carcinoma, which begins in the lining of the milk ducts (thin tubes that carry milk from the lobules of the breast to the nipple).

•  Another type of breast cancer is lobular carcinoma, which begins in the lobules (milk glands) of the breast

•  Invasive breast cancer is breast cancer that has spread from where it began in the breast ducts or lobules to surrounding normal tissue. 

Signs and symptoms 

• A lump in the breast or underarm that persists after your menstrual cycle. This is often the first apparent symptom of breast cancer. Lumps associated with breast cancer are usually painless, although some may cause a prickly sensation. Lumps are usually visible on a mammogram long before they can be seen or felt.

• Swelling in the armpit.

• Pain or tenderness in the breast. Although lumps are usually painless, pain or tenderness can be a sign of breast cancer.

• A noticeable flattening or indentation on the breast, which may indicate a tumor that cannot be seen or felt.

• Any change in the size, contour, texture, or temperature of the breast. A reddish, pitted surface like the skin of an orange could be a sign of advanced breast cancer.

• A change in the nipple, such as a nipple retraction, dimpling, itching, a burning sensation, or ulceration. A scaly rash of the nipple is symptomatic of Paget's disease, which may be associated with an underlying breast cancer.

• Unusual discharge from the nipple that may be clear, bloody, or another color. It's usually caused by benign conditions but could be due to cancer in some cases.

• A marble-like area under the skin.

• An area that is distinctly different from any other area on either breast.

Causes

Although the precise causes of breast cancer are unclear, 
we know the main risk factors. 

Still, most women considered at high risk for breast cancer
do not get it, while many with no known risk factors do develop breast cancer.

Among the most significant factors are advancing age and a

family history of breast cancer.

 Risk increases for a woman who has certain types of benign
breast lumps and increases significantly for a woman who has previously had cancer of 

the breast or the ovaries.

Tests to identify

Self testing

The main method of identifying a breast cancer is self testing if u caught any of signs we mentioned above you must inform it to a doctor

Mammogram

Mammography uses special X-ray 

images to detect abnormal growths or 

changes in the breast tissue. 

 Mammograms are performed as part of a
 regular physical exam to provide a baseline
reference for future comparison or to 
evaluate any unusual changes in the breast.

A mammogram can help your health care provider decide if 
a lump, growth, or change in your breast needs further 
testing.

 The mammogram is also used to look for lumps that are too
 small to be felt during a physical exam.

More ... And extra..

You can check the links below and get more information

Causes of Prostate Cancer

Pap Test

Animated Introduction to Cancer Biology (Full Documentary)

Lung Cancer

The lungs are located in the chest. When you breathe, air goes through your nose, down your windpipe (trachea), and into the lungs, where it flows through tubes called bronchi.

 Most lung cancer begins in the cells that line these tubes

.Lung cancer is more common in older adults. It is rare in people under age 45.

Lung cancer is the deadliest type of cancer for both men and women. Each year, more people die of lung cancer than of breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined.

There are two main types of lung cancer:

• Small cell lung cancer  makes up about 20% of all lung cancer cases.

• Non- small cell lung cancer is the most common type of lung cancer.

Causes

Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of lung cancer. The more cigarettes you smoke per day and the earlier you started smoking, the greater your risk of lung cancer. 

There is no evidence that smoking low-tar cigarettes lowers the risk.

Lung cancer can also affect persons who have never smoked.

Followings also may caused for lung cancer.

• Family history of lung cancer
• High levels of air pollution
• High levels of arsenic in drinking water
• Radiation therapy to the lungs

How do we know?

Lung cancer typically doesn't cause signs  in its earliest stages. Signs of lung cancer typically occur only when the disease is advanced.

Signs of lung cancer may include:

• Coughing up blood, even a small amount
• Chest pain
• Wheezing
• Bone pain
• Changes in a chronic cough or "smoker's cough"
• Hoarseness
• Losing weight without trying
• Shortness of breath
• Headache
• A new cough that doesn't go away

How is cancer treated

Surgery

Surgery can be used to diagnose, treat, or even help prevent cancer in some cases.

It often offers the greatest chance for cure, especially if the cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is the use of medicines or drugs to treat cancer.

The thought of having chemotherapy frightens many people.

But knowing what chemotherapy is, how it works, and what to expect can often help calm your fears.

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy particles or waves to destroy or damage cancer cells.

It is one of the most common treatments for cancer, either by itself or along with other forms of treatment

Photodynamic therapy

Photodynamic therapy or PDT is a treatment that uses special drugs, called photosensitizing agents, along with light to kill cancer cells.

The drugs only work after they have been activated or "turned on" by certain kinds of light.

Some other treatments

Blood Product Donation and Transfusion

Lasers in Cancer Treatment

Stem Cell Transplant (Peripheral Blood, Bone Marrow, and Cord Blood Transplants)

Hypothermia

Immunotherapy

Tumors

Not all tumors are cancerous, tumors can be benign or malignant.

• Benign tumors aren't cancerous. They can often be removed, and, in most cases, they do not come back. Cells in benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.
• Malignant tumors are cancerous. Cells in these tumors can invade nearby tissues and spread to other parts of the body. The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another is called metastasis.

Some cancers do not form tumors.

 For example, leukemia is a cancer of the bone marrow and blood.

Origins of cancer

• All cancers begin in cells, the body's basic unit of life.

• The body is made up of many types of cells.

• These cells grow and divide in a controlled way to produce more cells as they are needed to  keep the body healthy.

• When cells become old or damaged, they die and are replaced with new cells.

• However, sometimes this orderly process goes wrong. 

• The genetic material (DNA) of a cell can become damaged or changed, producing mutations that affect normal cell growth and division. 

• When this happens, cells do not die when they should and new cells form when the body does not need them. The extra cells may form a mass of tissue called a tumor.

Cancer Types

• Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include.

Carcinoma

Sarcoma

Leukemia 

Lymphoma and myeloma

Central nervous system cancers

•  Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.

• Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other connective or supportive tissue.

• Leukemia -  cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

• Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

• Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and spinal cord.